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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, that is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a significant difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling kind. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or otherwise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs used for constantly variable transmissions which could multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is one kind which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an component referred to as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components inside a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the term stator begins from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These adjustments have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is required. Usually, these adjustments have taken the form of several stators and turbines. Every set has been designed to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances comprise the Dynaflow which uses a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various auto converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and to be able to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.